Cultivation Conditions of Different Coffee Types, Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica
The cultivation conditions of different coffee types play a very important role in the final quality and flavor of this beverage. Coffee cultivation depends on various factors, each of which can create different characteristics in the coffee beans. Therefore, examining the suitable conditions for cultivating different types of coffee in various regions helps farmers produce high-quality products according to the specific needs of the plant. This article examines the various factors influencing the cultivation conditions of different coffee types and the existing differences in their cultivation methods.
The Origin of Coffee Cultivation
In the heart of the pristine forests of Ethiopia, in a region called Chasq, the story of coffee’s discovery began with the observations of a shepherd named Kaldi. He noticed a change in the behavior of his goats after they consumed the red berries from wild shrubs. This accidental discovery in the eighth century AD marks a turning point in the history of beverages worldwide.
Monks at the local temple, after testing these berries and preparing an infusion from them, realized the invigorating and focusing properties of this drink and initially called it the “devil’s beverage.” The spread of coffee cultivation from Ethiopia to other parts of the world is a story full of challenges and developments. The first transfer of coffee beans outside Africa was carried out by Arab traders, who brought them to Yemen.
Later, in the 17th century, the Dutch successfully cultivated coffee on their islands in East Asia, paving the way for the global expansion of this product. The Portuguese and Spanish also contributed by transferring coffee beans to Latin America, laying the groundwork for the formation of the world’s largest coffee-producing regions.
The Geography of Coffee Cultivation in Today’s World
Today, coffee cultivation takes place in a region known as the “Coffee Belt,” which lies between 25 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude. This geographical area includes countries in Central and South America, Central and East Africa, as well as South and Southeast Asia. The climatic conditions of this region, with an ideal combination of temperature, humidity, and altitude, provide an optimal environment for the growth of coffee trees. These factors greatly influence the Cultivation conditions of different coffee types.
Introduction to Different Coffee Species
Coffee generally consists of several main species, each possessing its own unique characteristics and flavor. The coffee species include:
Arabica Coffee: The most popular type of coffee worldwide, known for its exceptional aroma, mild flavor, and lower caffeine content.
Robusta Coffee: Characterized by a more bitter taste and higher caffeine content, it is often used in espressos to create a thick crema.
Liberica Coffee: Noted for its fruity, sweet, and slightly smoky flavor, primarily grown in specific regions such as the Philippines.
Excelsa Coffee: A rare species with a tart and aromatic flavor, sometimes found in specialty coffee blends.
Understanding the different coffee species helps you enjoy a better coffee experience and make the best choice according to your personal taste.
Cultivation Conditions of Different Coffee Types
In recent years, China has also joined the ranks of coffee producers in Yunnan Province, which borders Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. This region, previously renowned for producing Pu-erh tea, has now opened new horizons in the coffee industry through the successful cultivation of various Arabica coffee types. According to experts at Parto Padideh Company, this development demonstrates the potential for geographical expansion of coffee cultivation while adhering to scientific principles.
Cultivation of Arabica Coffee
The Complexities of Cultivating the Queen of Coffees
Arabica, which accounts for about 60% of the world’s coffee production, grows at elevations between 1,000 and 2,400 meters above sea level. This plant requires a moderate temperature range between 16 to 24 degrees Celsius, and severe temperature fluctuations can cause serious damage to the crop. The best Arabica beans are found in volcanic soils rich in minerals. A notable example is the famous Guatemalan coffees, which acquired a distinctive flavor following volcanic activity and became known as Volcano coffee.
Altitude has a direct impact on the quality of Arabica beans. At the highest coffee-producing altitudes, such as the Blue Mountains of Jamaica at approximately 2,400 meters, the most expensive and finest coffees in the world are produced. The purity of oxygen at these elevations contributes to the exceptional aroma and flavor of the beans. The price of these coffees starts at 60 euros per kilogram, whereas ordinary coffees are priced at around 10 dollars per kilogram.
Cultivation of Robusta Coffee
Strength and Resilience in Challenging Conditions
Robusta, which accounts for approximately 40% of global coffee production, grows at lower altitudes ranging from 600 to 1,000 meters above sea level. This species can tolerate higher temperatures up to 30 degrees Celsius and exhibits greater resistance to pests and diseases. Vietnam, as the world’s largest producer of Robusta, employs the wet polishing technique to produce shiny and uniform beans that have a dedicated following in the global market.
In India, Robusta beans are classified based on size into grades AA, AB, and B. The natural and dry processing methods are the primary techniques used for preparing this type of coffee. Due to its higher caffeine content (approximately twice that of Arabica) and stronger body, Robusta is widely used in instant coffee production and espresso blends.
Cultivation of Liberica Coffee
A Less Known Species with Great Potential
Liberica, which constitutes a very small percentage of global coffee production, is a blend of characteristics from both Arabica and Robusta. This species grows in tropical regions at medium altitudes, and its trees can reach up to 20 meters in height. Liberica adapts well to warm and humid conditions and performs best in deep, fertile soils with proper drainage.
The annual rainfall required for cultivating Liberica ranges between 2,000 and 2,500 millimeters. Due to its resistance to pests and diseases and adaptability to warm and humid environments, it holds good potential for cultivation in tropical areas. The distinctive flavor and unique aroma of Liberica beans have earned it a dedicated following in certain niche markets.
Cultivation of Excelsa Coffee
Excelsa coffee is primarily cultivated in warm and semi-tropical regions and requires soils rich in organic matter. As a subset of the Liberica family, this species consists of tall, hardy trees. Due to its tolerance to drought and heat, it is grown in specific areas of Asia and Africa. Excelsa coffee, with its fruity flavor and mild acidity, plays an important role in specialty coffee blends.
Comparison of Cultivation Conditions of Different Coffee Types
| Impact on Beverage Flavor | Main Characteristics | Growing Conditions | Coffee Variety |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet taste with fruity aroma | Mild flavor, pleasant aroma, balanced acidity | Cool and humid highlands – ideal climate for Arabica farming | Arabica Coffee |
| Strong beverage with a heavy body | High caffeine content, stronger and more bitter taste | Tropical lowland regions – suitable for Robusta cultivation | Robusta Coffee |
| Complex taste with fruity notes (requires precise processing) | Unique fruity flavor, distinctive aroma | Warm and humid climates | Liberica Coffee |
| Adds depth of flavor in coffee blends | Fruity aroma and mild acidity | Warm and semi-tropical regions | Excelsa Coffee |
Post-Harvest Processes and Their Impact on Coffee Quality
Various post-harvest processing methods directly affect the final quality of coffee. The most important methods include Washed, Semi-washed, Natural, Honey Process, Anaerobic Fermentation, and Carbonic Maceration. Each of these techniques can impart unique flavors and aromas to the coffee beans.
One fascinating example of environmental influence on coffee processing is the Monsoon phenomenon in India and southern Iran (Chabahar). In this method, coffee beans are exposed to monsoon winds for about two months. This process changes the beans’ color and gives them a distinct flavor profile. Although the resulting yellowish hue might seem like a defect at first glance, it is actually a unique and natural characteristic of the monsoon processing method.
Climate Change Challenges in Coffee Cultivation
Global warming and climate change pose serious challenges to the coffee industry. Rising average temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events have a direct impact on both the quantity and quality of coffee production.
For example, in recent years, the price of Vietnamese coffee has risen from around $2.80 to over $5.00 per kilogram, illustrating the impact of these environmental changes on production.
Researchers and producers are actively exploring and implementing various adaptation strategies. These include:
- Developing heat- and drought-resistant coffee varieties
- Shifting cultivation areas to higher altitudes
- Improving irrigation systems
- Using natural shade trees to protect coffee plants
In addition, greenhouse cultivation of coffee is being studied and developed in regions like Iran, where open-field growing conditions are not optimal due to climatic limitations.
The Role of Soil and Nutrition in Coffee Cultivation
The ideal soil for coffee cultivation should be deep, rich in organic matter, and well-drained. Farmers in Guatemala have found that volcanic soils, due to their high mineral content, yield exceptionally high-quality coffee. The ideal soil pH for coffee should range between 5.5 and 6.5.
Effective nutrient management for coffee trees requires a deep understanding of the plant’s growth cycle and its nutritional needs at each stage. While nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus are the primary macronutrients, micronutrients such as zinc, boron, and manganese also play a significant role in determining the final quality of the coffee.
Harvesting and Initial Processing
The timing and method of harvesting have a direct impact on the final quality of the coffee. Coffee cherries should be harvested at full ripeness, when they turn a deep red color. Hand-picking, commonly used in Arabica farms, allows for precise selection of ripe cherries.
Immediately after harvest, the removal of the skin and pulp should be performed as quickly as possible. Different processing methods—including washed, semi-washed, and natural (dry)—each impart distinct characteristics to the coffee. The choice of method depends on the region’s climate and the desired final product profile.
The Global Coffee Economy and Its Impact on Farming Practices
Coffee is the second most traded commodity in the world after oil, playing a crucial role in the economies of many developing countries. Fluctuations in global coffee prices have a direct influence on cultivation methods and farm management practices.
According to analyses by Parto Padideh Company, in recent years, the rising cost of production and climate change have led to a shift away from traditional coffee farming models.
Ensuring both economic and environmental sustainability in coffee cultivation requires adherence to international standards and the pursuit of recognized certifications. Certifications such as Fair Trade and Rainforest Alliance not only help improve the living conditions of coffee farmers, but also serve as valuable frameworks for implementing sustainable farming practices.